Madagascar - Strategy Guide (Page 02)

Below are the cheat codes, hints and help for Madagascar - Strategy Guide (Page 02).

SEASIDE RESORT

Rowr a couple of times at the foosa to take them out.Jump onto the ledge in
front of you and then onto the one on your left.Face left and double jump onto
the ledge.Follow the path forward and take out the foosa.Face left at the end
and jump from these ledge type things until you reach the one with the foosa.
Take him out.Go left and jump above the gap.Continue forward and jump onto
another of those ledge type things.Face left and jump onto another one.And then
onto the one with the foosa.Take him out.Now jump onto the ledge type thing
directly infront and slightly above you.Turn around and jump onto the last of
these ledge type things and go through the cave type entrance.Watch the cut-
scene.

THE PERFECTLY SAFE PATH

You have to protect the lemurs.Just keep following the group of lemurs and take
out as many foosa as you can.Eat the strange plants to get the super-rowr and
use it to your advantage.Lead most of them to safety and watch the cutscene.
This ends the level.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.Jungle Banguet

Goals:

Mash The Moles
Harvest The Onions
Find The Pineapple
Repeat The Tune
Grab Limes On The Slide
Bash The Roaches
Help The Queen
Grab The Kelp
Smash The Melons
Outjump the Frog
Gloria Power: Hispslide
Melman Power: Headbash
Marty Power: Long Jump
Alex Rings: ?
Mushroom High Score: 10

HERO TREE

Watch the cutscene.In this level you have to collect 10 foot items by earning
them or finding them.The Wooden stick type thing with 4 pictures of all of you
can be used to switch between characters.Each character has a unique ability
and has to use it.You can go to the king lemur for more hints anytime.
Lets start with alex.Go to the wooden stick and change characters.Turn around,
go forward and jump down below.DONOT JUMP on the ledges to get to the other
area.For now,just jump below and go to the queen bee for a cutscene.You have to
lead her to plants in the time limit.Easy.Turn around towards the red coloured
plant.Continue a little forward towards the light blue coloured plant.Continue
towards the end for the light green colured plant.Jump on the ledge nearby for
the white plant.Now jump forward across two ledges.The third one has the blue-
ish shade plant.Now turn around again and head back towards the last ledge,this
one has the greenish-blueish shade plant.Now jump on the ledge on your left.Go
to the end and jump on the small ledge and then the ledge slightly high,on your
left for the last plant,the black one.Go forward and collect your first food
item.Now stay on this ledge and go through the entrance.Notice the alex sign
nearby.This represents alex has to go through it.Oh and by the way,you just
completed the "help the queen" goal.

Goal Complete: Help The Queen

Foot Items: 1/10

ONION GROTTO

Go forward for a cutscene.Now you have to harvest the onions when they ripen,in
the given time limit.Plus you also have to get them before the pesky spiders do
Wait for an onion to turn orange and then go to it to collect it.You have to
collect 20 to succeed.If a spider latches onto an onion,you can rowr to take it
away from it before it goes up.
Jump on the ledge infront for your second food item.You work in this area is
done,come back out through the entrance.

Goal Complete: Harvest The Onions

Foot Items: 2/10

HERO TREE

Change to marty and collect your first power card on the rock nearby the hero
tree.Now change to melman.Collect your first power card on the rock nearby the
hero tree.Now go towards the log nearby the king lemur.Collect the second power
card for melman here and go through the log.It has a sign for melman near it.

NOOGIE GROOVE

Collect the third power card here,nearby for a new power.Head bash,press the
TRIANGLE button to do so.Now go talk to the little lemur nearby.You now have to
save the noogie nuts from the cockroaches.You have to head bash 15 cockroaches
in the time limit.Head bash in their general direction when they have JUST
collected the noogie nuts.This is very easy.Go forward to collect your third
item and head beack through the log.

GOal Complete: Bash The Roaches

Food Items: 3/10

HERO TREE

Change to gloria.Use the pad on which the items you have collected to get a
boost in your jump and grab onto the rock with your first power card.Drop down
and head left.Collect your second power card near the sign with gloria on it.
Note this entrance.Change to alex and go through it.

CARROT PATCH

Go to your right and enter the cave with the alex sign nearby.Follow it to the
end.

MUSHROOM CAVE

Jump onto the big mushroom in front of you and then onto the ledge with the
lemur.Watch the cutscene.You have to jump onto the mushroom according to the
colour patteren.For example if the yellow mushroom shines,then the blue one and
the red one,you first jump on the yellow mushroom and then onto the blue and
the red one.You have to do it quickly as you are somewhat timed.You get harder
patterns as you progress.The mushroom you have to jump onto next,will always be
flickering with its colour.First you have to follow three colours.then four and
then five and finally six.Keep at it till you get your reward.
Go back to the CARROT PATCH

Goal Complete: Repeat The Tune

Food Items: 4/10

CARROT PATCH

Now go back to the HERO TREE.

HERO TREE

Change to gloria and go back to the CARROT PATCH.

CARROT PATCH

Go forward down the slope and collect your third power card near the carrot
plants.New move.Hip Check,press TRIANGLE to do it.Now talk to the lemur nearby
for a cutscene.You have to protect the carrots from the moles.Use your newly
acquired hip check move to check-out the moles.You have to take out 15 moles in
the given time limit.Easy.Collect your prize when you are done.

Goal Complete: Mash The moles.

Food Items" 5/10

Now go back out to the HERO TREE.

HERO TREE

Go and enter the log which you previously entered as melman(now as gloria) near
the king lemur.

NOOGIE GROOVE

Eat the the red chilli nearby and break down the grass type boulder which is
blocking your way to enter a new area.

MELON FIELD

Talk to the pig type thing nearby.Cutscene.You have to squash the melons.Eat
the red chilies to get a boost.You have to get 19 of them in the time limit.It
is slightly tough and might require some retries.If you miss a melon or run out
of chilli steam near one,then butt bounce or hip check the melon to squash it.
Best of luck.Grab the food item.

Goal Complete: Smash The Melons

Food Items: 6/10

Now change characters,become marty using the character swap wood type peice on
the north side of the melon field.Collect your second power card very near to
the character swap,on the greassy ledge type rock.Now go to the place where you
met the pig type thing as gloria.Climb the ledge type walkway for your third
power card and new move.Long Jump,press X + X button.Very useful.Now go talk to
the frog on an upper grassy ledge in this field,near the marty sign.He talks
you into a challenge.You have to outjump the frog three times.This is the most
easiest of all challenges.Grab the food item nearby.

Goal Complete: Outjump The Frog

Food Items: 7/10

Now,from the position where you first met the frog,head left a little and climb
the ledges,as Marty and talk to the lemur there.Follow the dirt trail down and
grab the foot item on your way down.You have to manuver a little to the right
to get it.You will end up in the HERO TREE area.

Goal Complete: Grab Limes On The Slide

Food Items: 8/10

HERO TREE

Go forward as alex and jump onto the right pad with the food items and then
jump onto the the rock which previously had a gloria power card on it.See the
tree directly infront of you,on top of it is the pineapple.Double jump,roughly
on it to get it.

Goal Complete: Find The Pineapple

Food Items: 9/10

Change to marty and enter the noogie groove.

NOOGIE GROOVE

Go forward and enter the melon field.

MELON FIELD

To to the side where the water meets the beach.There should be a food item here
near the turtles.Grab it.

Goal Complete: Find The Kelp

Foot Items: 10/10 Finally!

Watch the cutscene.This level is complete.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.Coming Of Age

Goals:

Save The Tree
Bomb The Nests
Bash The Moles
Escort Mort
Moles High Score: 60

GIANT BAOBAB TREE

Watch the Cutscene.Follow the path up for a cutscene.Heli onto the ledge on
your left,the one with the coconuts.Press O to use them.Use the left analog to
aim them and press the O button to throw them.First take out the three worm
nests on the wall and then the remaining worms.You have an infinete supply of
coconuts.Press TRIANGLE to exit when you have cleared all worms and heli onto
the ledge which formerly had the worm nests.Follow the path up.Go left onto
the ledge with the coconuts when you are very near the next nest.Quickly press
O to use the coconuts and take out any pursuing worm.Then clear all nests and
take out any remaining worms.I think the worms can reach you at the place of
the coconuts so be careful.Follow the path slightly up but DONT go all the way.
Look left and you will see a ledge with a heli boost nearby(the swirling air
type thing is the heli boost).Use it to get a heli boost and heli onto the
ledge infront of you.This one has coconuts,so start using them the same way as
before.Except this time watch out for the vultures.Throw cocnuts at them to
neutralize them.QUickly take out the nests to minimise their disturbance.Watch
the suggestive cutscene.Dont try to heli onto the ledge infront of you.First
use the heli boost nearby to heli onto the ledge in front of you and then heli
onto the proper path.Follow it up and heli left onto the ledge with the coconut
-s when you are very near the last worm nest.These nests regenerate so quickly
take out all worms and nests.Pay as little attention to the vultures as you
can.See the suggestive cutscene.Heli onto the ledge and follo it all the way up
and go through the entrance.Watch the cutscene.

BAOBAB TREE TOP CANOPY

You now have to aim these bombs at the nests.There is a force metre on your
screen.The more it fills,the more forward the throw will go.Time your throws.
The first throw requires the force bar to fill up to the third small arrow on
it.Watch the cutscene and heli onto the ledge infront of you.Go forward and
heli onto another and then another one.This one has the bombs.Go near them.Oh
and you have an infinet supply of these bombs.This throw requires the force
metre to be slightly above the third arrow on it.Heli onto the ledge on your
right and follow it.Jump on the heliboost at the end and stay on it till you
reach the required height and then glide onto the ledge.Head left and heli onto
another ledge.Follow it up to the bombs.This throw reuires the force metre to
be in between the second and third arrow.The red bar between the second and
the third arrow must be 75% full.Now heli onto the ledge on your right and then
onto another one.Use the heli boost at the end and heli onto the ledge with
the last set of these bombs.You had to bomb four nests and you have done three.
This is the last one.This last bomb requires the force metre to be between the
third and fourth arrow.The red bar between the third and fourth arrow must be
50 % full.Watch the cutscene.You have to take out the remaining six worms.Press
the SQUARE button when near them to take them out.Keep going forward until you
see four of them nearby.Take them all out and continue forward.Keep going until
you see a path to your left.Heli over the gap.The last two worms are infront
of you.Take them out for a cutscene.

PEPPERY PEPPER GARDEN

Go forward and talk to the lemur for a cutscene.Just take out all lemurs,dont
go for any specific ones.You have to score thirty points in the specific time
which is very easy.Just take them all out for a cutscene.Use the hip check move
for the best results if you run out of red chili steam while on the way.Go to
where melman is standing.Go through the entrance for a cutscene.

FUNGAL FUNGI CANYON

Go forward a little and heli onto the ledge infront of you.Wait for alex to go
down while in his jump and heli onto the ledge on your left.Now heli onto the
ledge infront of you.Wait for alex's jump to go down and heli left onto the
ledge.See the grassy ledge on your right.Heli onto it but DONT go forward all
the way.because alex is waiting there.Just go forward enough so that the ledge
is roughle on your left and Heli onto it.Heli onto the ledge infront of you.
Notice the heli boost in front of you.Its not as close as it seems.Jump and
heli forward until you reach the heli boost and stay there till you reach the
required height and jump on the ledge.You have to heli all the way past alex
onto the ledge.Heli to the left when you get near alex's jumping so that he
can't capture mort.Land on the ledge right next to him.This landing can be a
little tough.Notice the heli boost a little further.Heli towards it and use the
boost to get on the ledge on your RIGHT.This one has a heli boost right in
front of it.Use it to get on the ledge with the entrance for a cutscene.You
have completed this level.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9.Back To The Beach

Goals:

Fling The Lemurs
Rocky Crags
Melman Glide
Save The Fruit
Defeat The Crocs
Secret Room
Hidden Ledge
Smash The Crabs
Boulder Run
Bash The Crates

Watch the cutscene.This is another mission in which you have to collect ten
items,to build the statue in this case.You dont have alex's services this time
but can still swap characters the same way as you did in the seventh level,i-e
usuing the character swap wooden statue type things.Let's start.

BEACH

Go right to see the lemur.Remember this place,swap characters and come back
here as melman.The character swap is nearby,on your left.Talk to the lemur as
Melman.Watch the cutscene.You now have to fling the lemurs.You should be very
much familiar with this throwing stuff by now.You have to throw them the same
way as you throwed the bombs to take out the worms.You have an infinete supply
of lemurs.Let the force metre fill up JUST above the third arrow for your first
throw.See the cutscene.For your second throw,the force metre has to be between
the second and third arrow.The red bar between the second and third arrow must
be 50% full.For your third throw,the force metre has to be JUST above the third
arrow.Now take your first piece.

Goal Complete: Fling The Lemurs

Items Found: 1/10

Now go to the character swap and change to gloria.From here keep going straight
while slowly moving to the left.You will see a grassy ledge going up.But the
path is blocked by a boulder.Eat the red chilli nearby and go through it.Now go
up the path and eat another red chilli and follow the path.You will take out
another boulder.Take your second wooden item.

Goal Complete: Boulder Run

Items Found: 2/10

From your current position,drop down and keep going straight roughly.You will
see a crab teasing that pig again,talk to him for a cutscene.This is so easy.
You have to take out five grabs in the time limit.Do it and grab your third
item.You have to buttbounce near a crab and then buttbounce again to take it
out.Do so 5 times for your reward.

Goal Complete: Smash The Crabs

Items Found: 3/10

Go to the partially complete statue near the water,as gloria.Near the statue
you will notice that pig again.Talk to him for a cutscene.You have to take out
14 crates on the beach,before the time runs out.Use the red chilies for boost
and if you run out of steam,use the hip check or butt bounce to complete the
task.AND DONT rely on that pig,he is of no use.This is very similar to the
melon crushing activity you did on level seven.Grab your reward.

Goal Complete: Bash The Crates

Items Found: 4/10

Stay as gloria.Go back to where the semi complete statue is.From here,keep
going forward roughly.You should notice a grave type thing nearby.Go past it,
straight but a little to the right.On your left are two signs,gloria and melman
Come back to where the grave type thing was,eat the red chilli and take out the
boulder on your left.Now,like the sign suggested,you have to get melman.So swap
characters and come back exactly here as melman.Use the heli boost to get on
top of the ledge.Use another heli boost to get on another ledge.Here you will
see the swap character thing.Change to marty.Turn around and drop to the ledge
below.See the wooden peice on the ledge infront of you.Use your long jump to
get on it and take it.

Goal Complete: Hidden Ledge

Items Found: 5/10

Now enter the entrance behind you to get back on the beach.Head straight ahead
to the character swap and change to gloria.From here,change your view using the
right analog stick,until you notice a boulder and red chilli infront of you.Eat
the chilli and break the boulder.Go through the entrance.

HIDDEN HIDAWAY

See the wooden peice,you can't get it as gloria.So head back to the character
swap,change to marty and come back and collect this piece.

Goal COmplete: Secret Room

Items Found: 6/10

You will notice an entrance here.It leads to the CROC PIT.You have to enter as
marty NOT as gloria.This was a mistake made by the developers,the sign outside
says gloria but if you go in as gloria nothing happens.Anyhows,go through the
entrance as MARTY,NOT GLORIA.

CROC PIT

GO forward for a cutscene.You have to battle crocodiles.You have to kick the
first one twice to take him out.Wait for it to do it's tail spin attack and
when it tires,kick it.Repeat twice for a cutscene.Now you have to fight another
crocodile.He has the same attacks so take it out the same way.Watch cutscene.
Now you get to fight the ultimate enemy.You have to hit this crocodile 5 times.
Just dodge all of his attacks and wait for him to do his spinning tail attack,
when he tires out kick him.Repeat this five times.Take the item.

Goal Complete: Defeat The Crocs

Items Found: 7/10

Go back out.

HIDDEN HIDEAWAY

Go back out to the beach.

BEACH

Go to the character swap infront of you.Exactly infront if it is your next item
on a grassy ledge.Go towards it.On its left is a log.Jump on the log,carefully
move towards its end and then use your long jump to get on the ledge with the
piece.You have to do this as marty.This item was to be originally found by
melman,but his way is a little long.Besides this way is pretty easy and all it
takes is ten seconds.
If you can't get it this way,then do it the actual way.

Go back to where you got the hidden ledge goal done.Use the character swap here
to turn to melman and then heli from one ledge to the other until you reach the
item.You can also do this as marty,by long jumping from one ledge to the other. 

Goal Complete: Melman Glide

Items Found: 8/10

Now back to the log.Face left and you will see another item on another grassy
ledge near the water.Go towards it as marty and use your long jump to get onto
it.Another item found.

Goal Complete: Rocky Crags

Items Founds: 9/10

Go to the place where the HIDDEN HIDEAWAY is but DONT enter it.Notice the
character swap near it.Use it to change to marty.On its left you will see a
path with flowers and an entrance.Go to it.

BRIDGE TRAIL

Follow it to the end,take out the spider and enter the entrance.

FRUIT TREE GROVE

Talk to the pig.Cutscene.You have to take out six turtles in given time.Kick
a turtle once and then kick it again to take it out.Repeat 6 times.They will
try to get away from you,so chase them down.Watch the cutscene and grab the
last item.

Goal Complete: Save The Fruit

Items Found: 10/10

Cutscene.This level is done.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10.Marty to The Rescue

Goals:

Get To Mort
Collect Fruit For Wilbur
Slide
Cross the Spider Pit
Beat The Croc
Fruit High Score: 40

NO CHANCE OF SURVIVAL TRAIL

Watch the Cutscene.You have to do this part FAST.You have to reach mort before
the time bar ends.Keep going forward and jump the first gap,towards your right.
Jump ahead and sneak under the leaves blockade.Continue forward and long jump
over the next gap.Proceed and sneak under the leave blockade.Quickly take out
all spiders using your kick.Jump down.Avoid the spitting flowers and jump over
the gap.Careful for the spitting flowers.Continue forward.Take out the spiders
at the end and continue.Sneak under the leaves blockade and avoid the spitting
flower.Take out the spiders and sneak under another leaves blockade.Procceed
ahead avoiding all spitting flowers and go to the end for a cutscene.

COLLECT THE GOOD FRUIT

Ok,its very simple.Avoid the fruit which that pig pointed out and collect all
sorts of other fruits.You have a time limit and you have to collect 30 pieces
of good fruit.You can pick up a magnet while collecting,it pops up randomly.
This will atrract all good fruit to you and you dont have to jump to move at it
to collect it.It's only for a limited time.Plus while gathering fruits,a spider
will randomly come down.Avoid it,because if it catches you,its restart point.
Collect 30 fruits for a cutscene.

FLORGANDORF SLIDE

You have to cross this slide in the given time.Use the current flow boosters
every now and then to boost your current flow.Try to maintain some control over
your flow.There are absolutely no obstacles so just focus your attention your
your manuvering.The time limit is a little tough.This might require a little
retries.Watch the cutscene.

TARANTULA TOWN

Jump on the ledge in front of you.Now jump on the ledge infront of you,the one
with the spider.Kick the spider out of the sky.Now jump on the ledge on your
leftand then onto  the next ledge.Follow it.You will see a familiar bomb.Kick
it in the spider's directions.Jump on the ledge on your left and then on the
next one and another one.Again jump on the next ledge.Climb the two small
ledges here and continue forward.Use the bomb to take out the spiders.Continue
forward and jump over the gap.Climb the ledge and use the bomb to take out the
spiders.Jump onto the ledge on your right.Climb the ledges nearby for a cut-
scene.

SLIDE OF PITs-A-PLENTY

This is a slightly tough race.Use the current boosters to enhance your currents
AVOID all pits.If you get a little too behind the crocodile then DIE.Yes,i say
die because when you restart he is very near you.Keep at it,use the current
boosters to jump on top of him to get a little advantage.This is all the advice
i can give.Win the race for a cutscene and this level is done.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11.Final Battle

Goals:

Defeat The Foosa
Defeat Foosa Boss 1
Defeat Foosa Boss 2

FOOSA'S LAIR

Watch the cutscene.Grab the three power cards for your new move.Claws.Press O
button to slash them.Use your claws to take out all foosa.They are very easy
with the claws.You have to take out 15 of them for a cutscene.

FOOSA'S OTHER LAIR

Time for a boss battle.This foosa has a couple of attacks.He will spit out his
toxic breath at you.Jump to avoid it.While he rests,attack him with the mangoes
There are some on nearby ledges.Keep at it.His vultures will come with bombs
loaded to attack you.Just keep jumping and moving to avoid them.Pick up nearby
health tikis.His vultures will form a sheild around him.Just keep throwing
those mangoes and you will take him out pretty fast.Cutscene.

ARENA OF DOOM

In this arena,he will summon vultures with bombs to attack you.Avoid them.He
will continue spitting his toxic breath at you.Jump over it.He wil personally
jump to attack you,jump to avoid him.After spitting his txic breath he will
become tired.Use your claws on him at that time.Keep repeating this.This is the
only attack which deals him damage.Otherwise his is invincible.Randomly a 
strange plant will pop up.Eat it and use the super-rowr.This is the only other
attack that damages him.Keep at it until you win.Watch the final cutscene.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6-Zoovenir Shop

Your very own zoovenir shop.Here you can purchase various upgrades and mini
games.All things cost alex coins you collected through each level.

There are three sections:

A.Buy Items
B.Item Options
C.Leave Shop

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A.Buy Items

This section is divided into further sub sections.

I.Apparel
II.Extras
III.Minigames

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I.Apparel

Upgrades available here only enhance the appearence and DONT affect the game-
play in any way.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.Alex's Crown

Cost: 20 Points

A nice little enhancement.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.Alex's Finger

Cost: 30 Points

Nice,but not great.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.Gloria's Bikini

Cost: 20 Points

Yuck,i DID NOT like it

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

4.Gloria's Flowers

Cost: 30 Points

I didn't like this one either.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.Marty's Hat

Cost: 20 Points

Nice.I liked it.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.Marty's Glasses

Cost: 30 Points

I also liked this one.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.Melman's Clock

Cost: 20 Points

So-so,did not quite like it.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.Melman's Shoes

Cost: 30 Points

Meh...your points,your choice.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II.Extras

1.Coin Magnet

Cost: 175 Points

This upgrade is a disappointment.All it does is make the coins close to you
come to you.You don't have to go for them.I wouldn't recommend this upgrade.
Only buy it if you are going for 100 coins in every level as it might be of any
use then.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.2x Life Tikis

Cost: 80 Points

You must have noticed the small health icons throughout the game.They are the
game's health restoration system or health tikis.Collecting each health tiki
restores your health (if lost) and if you are on full health,these health tiki's
will keep on adding until they are ten.This will give you an extra life.After
that their numbering restarts.This upgrades lets you have two for one health
tiki's.Meaning if you collect one health tiki,you will get two.This is a very
useful upgrade.Definately buy it.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.Flame Prints

Cost: 50 Points

This upgrade only enhances the appearence.You leave a flaming trail while you
move.Useless but looks cool.Buy it if you have the spare points.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.Extra Health

Cost: 30-90 points

Buying this will give you an extra life.Life are the number of retries you can
take before you are kicked out of the level.Since this game is very easy,i will
not recommend you to buy more then 2 extra health.Plus the price of each extra
health increases with each purchase.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

III.Minigames

Minigames to add replay value.Some are actually fun :-)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------